Dale Bergamo, MD*, Alfonso Campos, MD
Associate Professor, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Pediatric, United States.
Corresponding Author Details: Dale Bergamo, MD, Associate Professor, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Pediatric, 17 Davis Blvd Suite 200 Tampa, FL 33607, United States. E-mail: dbergamo@usf.edu
Received date: 12th October, 2021
Accepted date: 30th October, 2021
Published date: 02nd November, 2021
Citation: Bergamo, D., & Campos, A. (2021). Brief Report: False positive Erlichia serology in a patient with SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus). J Multidiscip Clin Case Rep, 1(1): 102.
Copyright: ©2021, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Ehrlichiosis may present with similar history and physical findings; therefore, tick borne disease must be considered in endemic areas. Symptoms include: myalgia, nausea, anorexia, fever and a maculopapular to petechial rash. Laboratory findings include leukopenia, hyponatremia, elevated liver enzymes, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Nephritic syndrome has been described in patients with Ehrlichiosis.
Key words: Erlichia chaffeenesis serology, SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)
The patient is a 17 yo male who was transferred from another hospital with a one-month history of weight loss, generalized arthralgia, hair thinning and a 1 week history of oral sores, poor oral intake, bloody stools, fevers up to 104F and erythematous rash involving his face, trunk and extremities. Laboratory studies at the referring ED showed anemia (8.8 g/dL), leukopenia (3.9x 103/ul) and normal platelets. His BUN was 37 mg/dL, creatinine 1.3 mg/dL, albumin 2.3 g/dL, sodium 132 mmol/L with otherwise normal electrolytes, AST 45 U/L and AST 68 U/L. The ESR and CRP were elevated at 119 mm/hr and CRP 67.3 mg/dL, respectively. No history of travel and the family history was negative. His physical exam showed an overweight and normotensive teenager with mild hair thinning, malar rash, conjunctival erythema, swollen lips, several small oral ulcers with no active bleeding and a faint punctiform erythematous popular rash in the trunk and extremities. Lungs, heart and abdominal exam were unremarkable and the genital exam showed no lesions. He had no adenopathy. No initial antibiotics were administered and an empiric diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease was made. Gastroenterology was consulted. Evaluation included upper and lower endoscopies, positive for small shallow lesions in the antrum and mild duodenal erythema, with negative biopsies. Inpatient evaluation showed negative blood cultures and Herpes simplex PCR on oral lesions. HIV Ab and RPR were non- reactive. His CMV and EBV IgG were positive and IgM negative. His chest x ray was normal. The echocardiogram showed minimal pericardial effusion. His urinalysis showed proteinuria and the urine protein/creatinine ratio was 6.5. Flow cytometry was negative for lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancy. Due to the presentation of leukopenia, hyponatremia, fever and rash the patient was placed on Doxycycline pending titers for Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Initial Ehrlichia titers resulted as IgG 1:256 and IgM <1:20. His ANA was positive at 1:2560 in a homogeneous pattern, anti dsDNA greater than 1000, low C3 and C4 complements. He was Diagnosed with SLE with nephritis and the kidney biopsy showed lupus nephritis ISN/RPS class IV with activity score 10/24 and chronicity score of 0/12. He was started on solumedrol pulses for 3 days, followed by oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine and later on addition of mycophenolate mofetil. The fever resolved within 48 hrs and the rash, oral lesions and arthralgias resolved gradually. Upon the diagnosis of SLE, Doxycycline was stopped after 4 days. He was discharged on immunosuppressive therapy for his SLE. His repeat Ehrlichia serology a 2 weeks later resulted as IgG <20 and IgM <1:20, with resolution of his presenting symptoms, his creatinine was 0.68 mg/dL, albumin up to 3.1 g/dL, the serum complements were trending up and the urine proteinuria down to a ratio of 1.3.
Patients with SLE and Ehrlichiosis may present with similar history and physical findings; therefore, tick borne disease must be considered especially in endemic areas. Our patient had no record of a known tick bite but had symptoms and laboratory data consistent with infection. These symptoms included: myalgia, nausea, anorexia, fever and a maculopapular to petechial rash. He also had the less common findings of conjunctivitis and oral ulcers [1]. His laboratory findings included leukopenia, hyponatremia, elevated liver enzymes, anemia and nephrotic range proteinuria. He did not demonstrate the common finding of thrombocytopenia. Nephrotic syndrome has been described in patients with Ehrlichiosis [2,3]. Our patient demonstrated an initial clinical improvement on Doxycycline however this was later stopped when the diagnosis of SLE was made.
SLE patients may present with findings of fever, anorexia, palatal lesions/oral ulcers, myalgia, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal disease. These highly diverse and usually heterogeneous clinical manifestations usually raise the possibility of SLE in patients affected with multiorgan involvement. The diagnosis of SLE is then made relying on the clinical expertise and the combination of clinical manifestations and immunologic findings as outlined and confirmed in our patient [4].
The CDC and state health department report an incidence of 0.01- 1.99 per 1,000,000 persons in the state of Florida for Erlichia. A comparable incidence to the Midwest and Northeastern states but less than the high incidence states of Missouri, Tennessee, or Oklahoma. Nationally Ehrlichia cases have been increasing since 1999 [5].
This case illustrates the finding of falsely elevated and transient antibody titers to infectious diseases seen in patients with SLE. Upon review of the literature there are reports of false positive serology in patients with SLE including: Lyme disease [6], Syphilis (Treponemal and non Treponemal), Dengue virus [7], Epstein Barr Virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cytomegalovirus, and Hepatitis B [8]. In some patients it is possible that that the high infectious titers may represent previous exposure to infectious agents that may play a role in the induction of SLE [8]. We report only the second known case to our knowledge of false positive serology to Erlichia chaffeenesis, the etiologic agent of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) in patient with SLE [9].
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Bryant, K., & Marshall, G. (2000). Clinical Manifestations of Tick-Borne Infections in Children. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. Jul: 7(4), 523-527.View
Scaglia, F., Vogler, L.B., & Hymes, L.C. et al. (1999). Minimal change nephrotic syndrome: a possible complication of Ehrlichiosis. Pediatric Nephrology;13:600-1View
Caster, D.J., Summersgill, J.T., & Paueksakon, P. et al. (2014). Mixed cryoglobulinemia and secondary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with Ehrlichiosis. CEN Case report, 3:178-182.View
Hochberg, M.C. (1997). Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 40.View
Ismail, N., Bloch, K., & McBride, J. (2010). Human Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis. Clin Lab Med. Mar: 30(1): 261-292.View
Weiss, N.L., Sadock, V.A., & Sigal, L.H., et el. (1995). False positive seroreactivity to Borreliaburgdorferi in systemic lupus erythematosus: the value of immunoblot analysis. Lupus. Apr; 4(2): 131-7View
Santosa, A., Poh, Z., & Teng, G.G. (2012). Delayed diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus due to misinterpretation of dengue serology, Scand J RheumatoFeb;41(1):77-9.View
Berkun, Y., Zandman-Goddard, G., & Barzilai, O., et al. (2009). Infectious antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 18: 1129-1135.View
Parikah, A., Abbasi, A., & Sharma, R. (2009). The Case: Fever, rash, and positive Ehrlichia antibodies. Kidney Int 75, 341-342.View